Alpena/ælËpiËnÉ/ is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Alpena County.[6] It is considered to be part of northern Michigan. The Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary is located in the city. The population was 10,483 at the 2010 census. The population swells with a large number of visitors in the summer.
Alpena County Courthouse in Alpena
Despite its small population, it is by far the largest city in the sparsely populated Northeast Michigan (lower peninsula) area, serving as its commercial and cultural hub. It is considered to be one of the two anchor cities of Northern Michigan, along with Traverse City. MidMichigan Health is a federally designated rural regional medical referral center, and is the largest employer in the city.[7]
History[edit]
It was originally part of Anomickee County founded in 1840, which in 1843 was changed to Alpena, a pseudo-Native American word â a neologism coined by Henry Schoolcraft, meaning something like 'a good partridge country.'[8][9][10] This was part of a much larger effort to rename a great many of the Michigan counties at the time.[9]
Mass effect god mode. The region, known as the 'Sunrise Side' from its location on the east shoreline of Michigan, was first a site of commercial fishing activity and is still home to extensive commercial fishing activities. Later the region, like much of Michigan, was shaped by the logging era of the 1800s. Today, Alpena is known for its limestone quarry, one of the largest in the world, owned and operated by the Lafarge corporation and is a major cement manufacturer and exporter. While at one time the largest in the world, the cement plant is now just the largest cement plant for Lafarge in North America with an annual capacity of almost 3 million tons of cement.[11] Alpena is also the world headquarters of Besser Company, a manufacturer of concrete block machines. Tourism (fishing, hunting, camping and a variety of water sports) is also important to Alpena's economy.
Most of the city was lost in the Great Michigan Fire of 1871.[12] Less than one year later, on July 12, 1872, Alpena was hit by another fire, the largest in its history, which destroyed 15 acres of homes and businesses[13] for a total amount of 65 buildings.[14] The blaze started in a barn and lasted for two hours, killing at least four people and causing at least $180,000 in damages.[15][16][17] Alpena was again hit by a disastrous fire on July 11, 1888.[16][17]
In February 2007 Bizjournals ranked Alpena as the hottest retirement destination in the Great Lakes area[18] and #44 nationally.[19]
The city has a number of notable buildings, including the Art decoAlpena County Courthouse, the I.O.O.F. Centennial Building, and Temple Beth El, one of the oldest synagogues in the United States.
Geography and climate[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.23 square miles (23.91 km2), of which, 8.54 square miles (22.12 km2) of it is land and 0.69 square miles (1.79 km2) is water.[20] The city is on the shore of Lake Huron's Thunder Bay, with Alpena Township surrounding it on land.
Access to natural resources and water transportation has been important in development of the community. Light stations and lighthouses[21][22] surround Alpena.[23] Several islands off the coast in Thunder Bay are part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Scarecrow Island is part of the Michigan Islands Wilderness Area. Charity, Little Charity, Scarecrow, and Thunder Bay Islands form the Lake Huron division of the Michigan Islands NWR. There are lighthouses on Charity (abandoned) and Thunder Bay Islands.
Transportation[edit]Air[edit]
A U.S. Air Force Reserve Bell HH-1N Huey (s/n 69-6612) taking off on maneuvers during a reserve rescue exercise at Phelps Collins Air National Guard Base
Alpena County Regional Airport (IATA: APN, ICAO: KAPN, FAA LID: APN) is the northeast lower peninsula of Michigan's main commercial airport and handles daily Delta Connection flights to Detroit and Minneapolis/St. Paul operated by SkyWest Airlines. It is a public-use airport located in Wilson Township, Michigan six miles (10 km) west of the central business district of Alpena. The Michigan Air National Guard's Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center co-utilizes the airfield.
Rail[edit]
Alpena is situated along the Lake State Railway, formerly the Detroit and Mackinac Railway (D&M).[28] Earlier railroads that served Alpena were built and owned by the Alger Smith and Co. logging company: (1) the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena Railroad, which entered Alpena from the south around 1886, and (2) the Alpena and Northern Railroad.[29]
Bus[edit]
Major highways[edit]
Trails[edit]
Demographics[edit]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 10,483 people, 4,734 households, and 2,565 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,227.5 inhabitants per square mile (473.9/km2). There were 5,278 housing units at an average density of 618.0 per square mile (238.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 4,734 households of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.8% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. Hollywood rip ride rockit open date.
The median age in the city was 42.5 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.9% were from 45 to 64; and 19.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 11,304 people, 4,874 households, and 2,865 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,348.9 per square mile (520.8/km2). There were 5,200 housing units at an average density of 620.5 per square mile (239.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.66% White, 0.42% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.
There were 4,874 households out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,353, and the median income for a family was $40,056. Males had a median income of $34,534 versus $21,951 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,476. About 10.4% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.
Education[edit]
Alpena, along with the rest of Alpena County and portions of Presque Isle County, is served by Alpena Public Schools. Alpena Public Schools was established as the first county-wide school district in the state of Michigan in 1963. The district has one high school, a junior high, an alternative/adult high school, and six elementary schools. The elementary schools are Besser, Ella White, Hinks, Lincoln, Sanborn, and Wilson Elementary Schools. Geographically, it is the largest school district in the Lower Peninsula, encompassing more than 620 square miles (1,600 km2).
There are two private schools in Alpena. All Saints Catholic School is affiliated with the four Roman Catholic parishes in the city (St. Anne's, St. Bernard's, St. John the Baptist and St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception) and provides preschool to 8th grade education. Immanuel Lutheran School is supported by the Immanuel Lutheran Church and has preschool to 8th grade classes.
Alpena is also home to Alpena Community College. ACC is a two-year associates program that has partnerships with Spring Arbor University and several other Michigan institutions. Within Alpena Community College is the World Center for Concrete Technology (WCCT). The WCCT draws a worldwide enrollment of students for classes in Concrete Technology, including a Master Blockmakers Degree for 5-class-accomplished students.
Competitions[edit]
Economy[edit]
While tourism is an important component of the area's economy, both Alpena and Rogers City have an industrial base. In particular, Alpena is home to LafargeHolcim cement plant and to Besser Company (maker of a concrete block making machinery), as well as a drywall board manufacturing facility owned by Decorative Panels International. Rogers City is the location of the world's largest limestone quarry, which is used in steel making in the Great Lakes and Rust Belt regions.
Alpena's primary shopping center is the Alpena Mall, the only enclosed shopping mall in the northeastern Lower Peninsula, featuring approximately 20 stores, with JCPenney and Gordon Food Service as the anchor stores.[34] Other retailers operate in this part of town and on M-32 west of town and south on US-23.[A]
Alpena is also home to the Alpena Thunder hockey team.
Historical markers[edit]
There are seven recognized historical markers in the city:[38]
Media[edit]Print[edit]
Radio[edit]
Alpena is home to several radio stations.
AM[edit]![]()
FM[edit]
Television[edit]
Alpena is the third smallest (208)NielsenDesignated Market Area (DMA) in the United States.
Television stations located within the Alpena DMA:
Cable only television:
Northeast Michigan is also served by selected major network affiliates from the Northern Michigan DMA, as well as CBC Television programming from CBMT-DT in Montreal. Cable television service is provided within Alpena and many outlying communities by Charter Communications.
Culture and contemporary life[edit]Local cultural institutions[edit]
Thunder Bay Theater
Tourism[edit]
Festivals and Events[edit]
Sports and recreation[edit]
Area hiking, biking, and outdoor recreation[edit]
Off road vehicles[edit]
Natural areas[edit]
Venues[edit]
Other[edit]
Local libraries, museums and landmarks[edit]
Notable people[edit]
In popular culture[edit]
See also[edit]References[edit]Notes[edit]
Citations[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpena,_Michigan&oldid=903739060'
Published online 2014 Dec 31. doi: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.4.401
PMID: 25606014
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
A new recorded species of Mortierella was recovered during the investigation of fungal communities in soil samples collected from different locations of Gangwon-do, Korea. The species was identified and described as Mortierella alpina on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences and morphological characteristics. This species has not been officially reported from Korea thus far.
Keywords: Morphology, Mortierella alpina, Soil fungal community
The Mortierellales are a long-known, species-rich order of the basal fungi. With nearly 100 described species, the Mortierellales are one of the largest basal fungal orders. However, only 13 genera are described in one family, the Mortierellaceae [1]. The first species of the type genus was described by Coeman in 1863 as Mortierella polycephala, originally isolated from a mushroom [2]. The name Mortierella was given in tribute to M. Du Mortier, the president of Societe de Botanique de Belgique [2]. Mortierella alpina is an oleaginous fungus producing lipids accounting for up to 50% of its dry weight in the form of triacylglycerol, which is used commercially for the production of arachidonic acid []. During studies on the diversity of fungal communities in crop field soils of Gangwon-do, Korea, a species of Mortierella previously unreported in Korea was encountered. Based on its morphological and molecular characteristics, this species was identified as M. alpina and named M. alpina KNU13-5.
Collection of soil samples and fungal isolation
Soil samples were collected from various parts of Taebaek, Gangwon-do, Korea in 2013. Each soil sample was taken from approximately 15-cm depth, air dried, and stored in plastic bags at 4â until use. The fungi were isolated by conventional dilution technique and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) supplemented with 100 µg chloramphenicol (bacteriostatic agent)/mL PDA for 5 to 7 days at 28â until growth of fungal colonies was observed.
Sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers
Genomic DNA of isolate KNU13-5 was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions, including the 5.8S rRNA gene were amplified with the primers ITS1 and ITS4 [4]. The amplified PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR products were sequenced using the ABI Prism 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The sequences were compared with reference ITS1~ITS2 rDNA sequences from NCBI's GenBank using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast). The nucleotide sequence reported here has been deposited at GenBank (accession No. KJ921606). The sequences of closely related strains were aligned using the MultAlin program. The DNA sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA 6) software []. The sequence of isolate KNU13-5 was compared with the sequences in GenBank by using BLAST. The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter substitution model [6]. The phylogeny of the tree was inferred using the maximum-likelihood heuristic search option with nearest-neighbor-interchange. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 replications to determine the support for each clade. The ITS regions of isolate KNU13-5 were identical to those of M. alpina (Fig. 1). The ITS sequence (ITS1 and ITS2) of KNU13-5 was 99% identical to that of M. alpina d27 (accession No. GQ922556) []. These results indicated that isolate KNU13-5 matched with M. alpina.
Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of the partial 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S rDNA sequence of Mortierella alpina KNU13-5 obtained from crop field soil in Korea. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA 6 program. The sequence obtained in the study is shown in boldface. Numerical values (> 50) on branches are the percentage of 1,000 bootstrap replicates that support the branch. Umbelopsis nana and Umbelopsis autotrophica were used as outgroups. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.
Morphological characteristics and identification
Morphological features of the fungus were observed on PDA medium after three-point inoculations in 9-cm petri dishes and incubation in the dark at 28â for 7 days. The morphological characteristics were identified with the aid of differential interference contrast microscopy, as detailed by Pitt [8] and Frisvad and Samson [9]. Photomicrographs were taken with a Kodak DCS 14n digital camera (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, USA) attached to a compound microscope. Morphological structures of isolate KNU13-5 are shown in Fig. 2.
Mortierella alpina KNU13-5. Colonies grown on potato dextrose agar (A, front view; B, back view) for 7 days at 28â. Mycelial hyphae under a stereo-microscope (C), sporangiophore branching (D), sporangiophore with terminal sporangia (E, F), sporangiophore under scanning electron microscopy (G), sporangia (H), and sporangiospores (I, J). Scorpa easy 250 manual.
Colonies on PDA are fast growing, attaining 35~45-mm diameter after 7 days when grown at 28â, producing a concentric pattern, sporulating well, and having Mortierella-like odor and milky-white color (Fig. 2A and 2B). Mycelia are septate and coenocytic with complex branching (Fig. 2C). Sporangiophores arising from the mycelial substrate are 60~110 µm in size, erect, and unbranched (sometimes dichotomously branched) with terminal sporangia (Fig. 2D, 2E, 2F, and 2H). Sporangia are hyaline, obovoid when young and spherical at maturity, 12~15 µm in diameter, and multispored with a deliquescent wall (Fig. 2H). Sporangiospores are cylindrical, 5~7 µm in size, and sometimes curved to irregularly shaped (Fig. 2I and 2J). In conclusion, the phylogenetic analysis and morphological characteristics of strain KNU13-5 indicated it to be M. alpina.
Culture examined
KNU13-5, isolated from soil samples, Taebaek, Gangwon-do, Korea.
Note
Shin et al. [10] described the morphological characteristics of the species M. alpina S49, but the identification was tentative, and they did not perform genetic analysis. There have been limited studies on M. alpina in Korea with respect to arachidonic acid production efficiency and its effect on the growth and learning ability in animals; furthermore, the source of the isolates was not indicated [11, 12]. In other cases, M. alpina DSA-12 was used for the production of arachidonic acid by using an organic nitrogen source and optimizing the culture conditions [13, ]. However, strain DSA-12 was obtained from Doosan Biotech, Korea, and the mycological information on the strain has not been officially reported in any publication. Furthermore, in a study on submerged and solid-state fermentations by the species for production of arachidonic acid, the isolate used was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) collection [15]. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first authentic, official report of M. alpina in Korea.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) under the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, for the project on survey and discovery of indigenous Korean fungal species.
References
1. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Ainsworth and Bisby's dictionary of the fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CAB International; 2008. [Google Scholar]
2. Coemans E. Quelques hyphomycetes nouveaux. 1. Mortierella polycephala et Martensella pectinata. Bull Acad R Sci Belg Cl Sci 2. 1863;15:536â544.[Google Scholar]
3. Wang L, Chen W, Feng Y, Ren Y, Gu Z, Chen H, Wang H, Thomas MJ, Zhang B, Berquin IM, et al. Genome characterization of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28319.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego: Academic Press; 1990. pp. 315â322. [Google Scholar]
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8. Pitt JI. A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species. 3rd ed. North Ryde: Commonwealth Scientific and Industry Research Organization; 2000. [Google Scholar]
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10. Shin HS, Oh IH, Lee JH. Isolation and production of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid by fungi. J Ind Technol. 1994;2:43â52.[Google Scholar]
11. Rhie SG, Kang HY, Park YJ. The effects of Mortierella alpina fungi and extracted oil (arachidonic acid rich) on growth and learning ability in dam and pups of rat. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2002;31:1084â1091.[Google Scholar]
12. Rhie SG, Park YJ. The growth effects of Mortierella alpina contained diets and burn healing effects of Mortierella alpina extracted oil (arachidonic acid rich) in rat. Theses Collect Univ Suwon. 2001;19:285â297.[Google Scholar]
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